Controversial issues of traditional arts Essay

â€Å"Ulek Mayang† could be haunted. – it is a Malay traditional dance from the state of Terengganu in Malaysia accompanied by a unique song called Ulek Mayang – the lyrics were changed (no one knows the real lyrics) – the song remains popular and there are several contemporary interpretations of the song – the original dance is to honor the spirit of the sea. The modern dance has no elements of worship, it’s more to music and dance. – After the arrival of Islam, such practice has been stopped and the Ulek Mayang dance is only preserved to be part of the Malay culture. – Even now, Ulek Mayang is nicknamed the ‘Most Haunted Culture in Malaysia’.- However, some fishermen still practice this ritual. Agree: – Some people claim that the song is haunted because it gives goosebumps and creepy feelings especially when it is performed at sunset by the beach – People tend to avoid practising it nearby any beaches around the world, as according to the ancients’ beliefs; those 7 Sea-Princesses shall always guard the 7 Seas. Whoever that breaks certain rules, no matter where they are, will pay the price. There has been cases of tourists jumping into the sea for no reason after they performed Ulek Mayang along the north-eastern beaches of Peninsular Malaysia. Some cases happen on land too. Going missing and receiving ‘visits’ were the greatest fear whenever one performs Ulek Mayang. Disagree: – According to ustaz, Ulek Mayang is not a ghost or jin. It’s a popular song in Terengganu and is a type of â€Å"lagu rakyat†. – The Ulek Mayang song used nowadays has been shortened as Malays count the full song as ‘worshipping spirits’ which is syirik in Islam. – The Malaysian rock diva, Ella once sung the song in a rock version Poco poco – dance choreographed with sequence of steps. – it is a type of aerobic dance – believed to originated in Indonesia more than 20 years ago – Mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Perak banned poco- poco because they believe it is derived from Christianity. Agree: – The dance originated from Jamaica and is actually a cult dance – There are many Christian rituals to it as the moves reflect the making of a cross and so is unacceptable in Islam Disagree: – The Malaysian Muslims are confused. – There is no any literature or practical evidence showing that poco-poco is derived from Christianity either in Indonesia, Philippine or Jamaica. – Poco poco movements with cross design can not be a sufficient justification because movement of left and right sides is a natural human movement. Even when human stretch his hands, it can be considered illegal if the method resembles the cross. Mahsuri’s curse: Myth or Legend? Summary: One day while Mahsuri’s husband was away fighting a war, Mahsuri offered shelter to a wandering minstrel. For that, Mahsuri was accused of committing adultery by the village chieftain’s wife. The village chieftain who was still smarting over Mahsuri’s rejection of his earlier marriage proposal, ordered Mahsuri to be condemned to death. It was said that at her execution Mahsuri bled white blood signifying her innocence. At her last breath, Mahsuri was said to utter a curse on Langkawi for which the island will remain barren for seven generations. Agree: – Many locals of Langkawi believe the legend to be true due to failed crops after Mahsuri’s death. – According to recorded history, the Siamese invaded Langkawi not long after Mahsuri’s death and razed the island to the ground with a scorched earth policy. And coincidentally, Langkawi did not become a major tourist hotspot until the birth of Wan Aishah bt Wan Nawawi, the seventh generation descendant of Mahsuri. Disagree: – Some people think Mahsuri’s story most likely is real and the killing of Mahsuri most likely took place, but the curse of Langkawi and her white blood must be a part of myth because there is no prove or evidence. – in this modern and science world, people think it’s logically untrue for a normal human being to have white blood

Harlem Renaissance Poem Analysis Paper

Lee-Michael Torcedo Prof. Quiroz English 1302 October 22, 2012 Dreams After the civil war, African Americans obtained their freedom. Still despised by many white Americans, African Americans continued to fight for justice. Around the early 1900’s the Harlem Renaissance began across the nation they fought for their culture and expressed it through art, music, dance, and literature. One of the biggest names in the Harlem Renaissance is Langston Hughes (Harlem). The poems he wrote better expressed the feelings of the many African Americans during this era.Langston Hughes published his poem, â€Å"As I Grew Older,† which explains the difficulty many African Americans had with following their dreams during this time. On February 1, 1902, Carrie M. Langston and James N. Hughes gave birth to, arguably, the most famous Harlem Renaissance literary poet, Langston Hughes. He grew up attending school in Kansas and Illinois, and graduated from High School in Ohio where he began writ ing his poetry. Later, Hughes went on to college, but stopped shortly after.He took many jobs in New York and a job working on a freighter that took him across the Atlantic Ocean to African, Spain, and France. He returned to Washington D. C. to live with his mother with hopes of returning to college. He had trouble making enough money and didn’t go back to college until a year later where he graduated from Lincoln University in 1929. After college, he began publishing his works and started to become famous. On May 22, 1967, Langston Hughes died of cancer in New York (Langston). Langston Hughes’ legend still lives to this day, and his poems are often mentioned in literature.In his poem â€Å"As I Grew Older,† published in 1925, he begins by saying â€Å"It was a long time ago/ I have almost forgotten my dream/ But it was there then/ In front of me/ Bright like a sun—/ My dream† (1-4). Whether or not Langston Hughes wrote this about himself or not, i t can go either way on who could be mentioning this and who is reflecting on the past that was a â€Å"long time ago†. Hughes gave the perspective that the main persona is talking about his past and about how even though his dream was right in front of him, he could not grasp it.In the early ages of Langston Hughes life, many obstacles barricaded him from reaching his dreams and goals, losing sights of what he really wanted. He talks about a wall in the poem that rises slowly between him and this dream. It â€Å"rose until it touched the sky† (11). The wall symbolizes his obstacles or what blocked him from his dreams. The wall rising until it touched the sky showed the degree and emphasis of the difficulty for Hughes to see his dreams. On line thirteen he mentions the shadow that the wall covered him in. There was no more light to be seen.All hope seemed to be lost until he â€Å"breaks† down the wall, â€Å"shatters† the darkness, and â€Å"smashes† the night. At the other side of this wall, is light, the sun, and his dream. Langston Hughes must have at one point in following his dream felt so overwhelmed with everything in his way and just â€Å"lie down in the shadow† (15). Just like in his poem, he takes down that wall and does not let it get in his way. He is successful in reaching his dream of becoming a well-known poet even through the worst of times. His poem reflects the situation many African Americans faced during this time.Freedom is still new to most and following dreams is difficult because of prejudism. Many African Americans ran into this â€Å"wall† and many did not break through as Langston Hughes did. Although some did, they went through the same difficulties as Hughes poetically explained in his poem. The beauty of this poem is the universality of it. It may have been written to explain the difficulties African Americans had, but it reflects the difficulty for anyone following their dreams sh ould not be forgotten. They are not always easy to achieve, but that does not mean one should give up.The poem is powerful in meaning and motivational as it speaks to anyone and illustrates that you should never surrender. Langston Hughes’ dream as a young boy was to be known as a poet. Much like the wall, he had to overcome many obstacles to achieve his dreams. He would vision his dream so clearly in front of him like the sun but as he got older and taller, so did this wall that blocked his way. Even though, Hughes smashed down that wall and become one of the most well-known founders of the Harlem Renaissance. Works Cited â€Å"Harlem Renaissance – Biography. com – Biography. com. †Ã‚  Famous Biographies & TV Shows – Biography. om. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22  Oct. 2012. . Hughes, Langston. â€Å"As I Grew Older by Langston Hughes. †Ã‚  PoemHunter. Com – Thousands of poems and poets. Poetry Search Engine. N. p. , 3  Jan. 2003. Web. 22à ‚  Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Langston Hughes Biography – life, children, parents, name, story, history, school, mother, book, information, born, college. †Ã‚  Encyclopedia of World Biography. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22  Oct. 2012. .

Brief View of Buddhism on Different Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Brief View of Buddhism on Different Perspectives Essay Buddhism in China was not first welcomed. People had different opinions on Buddhism. To analyze the responses to the spread of Buddhism in china by who expresses to the audience, why some people believe Buddhism is better for the country, and why some believe Buddhism is bad for China. Depending on what time period they lived in, changed the opinion of those who expressed their opinion to the audience. (Document 2) Zhi Dun is a Chinese Scholar, author, and a high official. During circa 350 C.E Northern China was invaded by Central Asian Steppe Nomads. There is war between the Asian Steppe Nomads and Zhi Dun believes that if you believe in Buddhism and have the right intentions, you can reach nirvana. (Document 3) This document is written by an Anonymous Chinese Scholar that expresses his opinion to the people of China. This is during circa 500 C.E., which was during the time of instability and disunity. He wrote this document anonymously because he was fearful of what other people think. They might not agree with his idea. (Document 6) The emperor response is toward the people of china. This is during 845 C.E, which is after the imperial structure is restored and he is saying that they don’t need Buddhism. Although some people agree with Confucianism, people think Buddhism helped China. (Document 1) In this document, it talks about the four Noble Truths. It shows how everyone suffers and the only way to get rid of suffering is to get rid of your desires. This was the first sermon preached by the Buddha in India during the fifth century. This document was written to persuade those to become Buddhists and follow the teachings. (Document 2), this document explains how if you have the right intentions, then you will reach Nirvana. This helps relief the people of china. (Document 5), Zong Mi, a Buddhist scholar said that Buddhism helped China. He said that the Buddha taught many teachings and in result, it encouraged the perfection of good deeds. Although Buddhism might seem good for China, other people believe that it ruined the country. Usually the higher classes thought Confucianism was better. This is because the lower classes are to respect the higher class. Han Yu is a Confucian Scholar and official of the Tang imperial court. This is during the 819 C.E. he says Buddhism didn’t even originate from China. He also says that Buddhism has nothing to do with the country and the culture. (Document 6), this is during 815 C.E. This is the time period after the instability and disunity of china. China is restored and they have an imperial rule, Tang Emperor Wa. His attitude towards Buddhism is furious. Since China is restored, he believes in Confucianism and Legalism, so there is no need for Buddhism. He even explains that Buddhism is selfish. All they do is eat and meditate, not helping the country by working. To analyze the responses to the spread of Buddhism by observing those who expressed their opinion to the people of China. It differed depending on what time period they lived in. it depended if they lived in the time of instability and disunity or when china was restored. Others believe that Buddhism helped China. They believe that it helped China during the time of instability and disunity. During this period of time, there was an invasion against the Asian steppe nomads in circa 350 C.E. Buddhism helped comfort those that were going to war by saying that they can reach nirvana. Even though Buddhism helped China, higher officials and Confucius believe that it ruined the country. This is because during 845 C.E. they had an emperor. They didn’t need Buddhism anymore because they had an emperor and china is unified by one leader again. A missing voice that is needed in the document section is a person that does not express their opinion to the public, like a private voice such as a person putting something down in a diary. The second voice that is needed is the common people’s opinion in China. This will show which philosophy they are rooting for during a period of time. The third voice should be a historian’s view during their period of time, so it shows how he interprets it. Brief View of Buddhism on Different Perspectives. (2016, Nov 12).

Business law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Business law - Case Study Example Based on the second case, Buchanan County and Davis also committed negligent retention of Batz as an employee despite several complaints of misconduct against him (Batz). Evidence presented in the second case included recommendations by Lieutenant Furness, to Davis, proposing termination of Batz as a canine handler. Evidence by Captain Hepke also proposed disciplinary actions against Batz. Davis disregarded all the complaints about Batz as submitted by different parties. On the first instance, a jury returned a ruling that favored Kiesau and offered her $ 160, 000 as compensation. For the second instance, the court ruled against Kiesau by dismissing the negligent supervision and retention claims against Buchanan County & Davis. Argument: Under the laws on negligent hiring and retention applicable in Iowa State, Buchanan County & Davis, were liable for wrongful conduct by facilitating Bazt’s tortious actions through failure to act on several recommendations and complaints. Issues: Were the Republic of France and the French lines liable for the resultant injuries owing to obvious laxity in rules and regulation on smoking at the port loading and offloading bay backing constitution of approximate cause? Rule: If the subsequent action, force, or occurrences that are evident as direct contributors to the injuries suffered by the plaintiff were not probable, many juries hold that it is an intervening cause. Subsequently it pardons the defendant of liability from dangers that trace back directly from the superseding cause. Complainant the US government reason that the French cargo ship crew did not task up, the complainant argue that the crew should have foreseen risk of explosion from the transported FGAN, which is in normal regulations set by the governing bodies on transportation of hazardous materials deem fire hazard. The ammonium nitrate gas is explosive if exposed to combusting materials. With this knowledge,

Why Marijuana Should Not Be Legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why Marijuana Should Not Be Legalized - Essay Example The arguments of Nathan were actually appropriately substantiated and credible due to his medical background. Therefore, his expertise on the profound effects of marijuana is validated. In fact, he confirmed that â€Å"I am also a physician who understands that the negative legal consequences of marijuana use are far worse than the medical consequences† (Nathan par. 2). But despite the obvious negative effects, it was deemed more advantageous to promote for its legalization given the following reasons: (1) at the current status of marijuana still being considered prohibited by law; there apparently continues continued trade and sale which apparently contributes to vagrant criminal activities through illicit drug use and trade; (2) the continued popularity of marijuana leads to â€Å"the potential for adulteration of black-market cannabis and the substitution of even more dangerous copycat compounds† (Nathan par. 9); (3) as emphasized, â€Å"natural marijuana poses much less danger than synthetic cannabinoids -- legal or otherwise† (Nathan par. 9). His arguments are therefore worth reflecting.

Sports and Entertainment Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sports and Entertainment Management - Case Study Example The most important part of this whole project was the redevelopment of East Village. People were beginning to be drawn away from East Village because they were running out of reasons to be there. The location was such that was once very lively but it had little left to attract local people and the visitors. This area required some serious redevelopment and its prayers were answered when Padres choose it for the construction of their new ballpark. It was the very first time that redevelopment was made integral part of a project in which a sports facility was being publicly financed. Further, the Padres made redevelopment a part of the Memorandum of Understanding in which they obtained the approval of public. This meant that even politicians were unable to disallow this project as they had to do what the people wanted. The road to success was not a smooth one for Padres. They had had to face many bumps in the form of oppositions and lawsuits by the people who had to relocate. The prota gonist of this case, John Moores, faced a very difficult time because of all the lawsuits and the delays. There was a two year delay in the construction in the area which was now known as the Ballpark District. Conditions had significantly changed in the two year period due to 9/11 and the bursting of the Internet Bubble. One of the setbacks was the departure of Larry Lucchino. Lucchino kept the people of San Diego, particularly the diehard baseball fans, involved in the process so that their support and sympathy was always with the team. This was very difficult to maintain as Lucchino left. Moores handled the matter with great patience and maturity. There were times when it felt like Moores might leave San Diego and take his team to another city. Instead, Moores kept his head poised in the game in which he was involved. He knew that the redevelopment of East Village was not only good for the area itself, but it was also the biggest argument in favour of his project. PETCO Park was an enormous success. From this experience, one can learn that there are always numerous extraneous circumstances that are to be accounted for while pursuing a project of such magnitude. No matter how careful one is, there is always a potential of oversight. ‘There is no such thing as a perfect research’. We can look at the experiences of others and we should learn from them. Similar mistakes must not be repeated. We can clearly see that Moores’ team selection was brilliant but not flawless. He made sure that the team that was working on this project was diverse. Therefore, everyone brought something new to the table. However, it was a slip by one of the team members that resulted in the allegations of corruption. Moores, of course, was not guilty but the two year delay was like a punishment for him too. A punishment for a wrong he did not commit himself, but one of his team members did. Perhaps, everyone else who was involved in the project also suffered greatly. But one tends to think that maybe Moores could have done something to avoid all of this. There might have been no corruption if the team members had a clear knowledge of their limits and boundaries. Moores could

Peasantry is present in both novels, Fathers and Sons and The House of Essay

Peasantry is present in both novels, Fathers and Sons and The House of the Spirits. Explain the use of Peasants and their role i - Essay Example One of the main characters of the novel, Esteban Garcia, belongs to the family who represent the peasant class in the novel. The peasants, in this novel, can join the police force or the army and gain access to education and a higher class status. The antagonism between the two classes occurs due to the fact that the aristocrats own the lands while the peasants work on them. The discord between them intensifies when the upper class flourishes and the lower class fails to prosper. Several different approaches are represented towards the inequality. Esteban Garcia believes in the conventional view i.e. the peasants are a dignified class and should not strive to achieve the status of the higher class. They should be contented with whatever they have been provided with. On the other hand, another member of the same family, Pedro Tercero Garcia, represents the revolutionary peasants who want to change their situation. The peasants are also supported by the Trueba women. The novel starts a nd ends with a narration that refers directly to Clara and her use of journals. The words used by the narrator were written by Isabel Allende. Special attention has been given to the various ways in which each woman learn how to write. Clara and Alba first get a hang at writing and then learn how to make use of that writing. Writing testifies the events that they had witnessed on both personal and political level. The primary purpose of such a testimony being to broadcast these events to a wider audience so that they are able to draw lessons and learn from the events. At the personal level, Alba and her relatives were able to put together their family progeny and history on the basis of Clara's writings. Alba talks about military rule, the military regime etc at the political levels. Alba's writings reflect the events that place at Isabel's house in Chile during her life. Fate keeps playing its game in The House of the Spirits. The events had been thematized in Clara's clairvoyance that helped her understand the fate of people and to predict future. The plot has been structured such that it revolves around the encounters of the members of the del Valle-Trueba family and the Garcia family with each other. most of the young couples in the novels met each other when they were young and ultimately realized that they are meant for each other years later. The novel takes a slow and steady pace throughout the course of its story depiction and narration. Love returned and found its way through a rare combination of chance and design. The same was the case with most other relations in the novel including friendships and debts. Most turning points in the show were a matter of chance and the game of destiny. They did not follow a steady course of actions. The actions took place by chance. every character's fate in the novel was a culmination of his actions, whether great and small. This is analogous to the fate of country being determined by the roles played by forces of nature. (rags) .Fathers and Sons Ivan Turgenev novel, Fathers and Sons, is realistically set in a Russian countryside where Turgenev captures the situation of some families during the social upheaval in Russian history. Tsar Alexander II officially emancipated the serfs in 1861 after a movement which had been growing since 1859. Nikolai Petrovic forfeits his power and frees the serfs but he faces problems in maintaining order over them now. The Russian upheaval results in the

The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Analysis Term Paper

The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Analysis - Term Paper Example This explains her divided personality (Spark 6). Miss Brodie had a group of 10 year old girls who she considered her group. They would learn things that were not necessarily in the curriculum but were worthy knowing. She chose her group members on the ground that she could put her trust in them, those whose parents could not raise complaints on what their daughters were being taught which was more irrelevant or those whose parents constituted the elite group who had too much knowledge and exposure to complain about Miss Brodie’s teaching methods and policies (Alberto and Ann 6).she also chose girls whose parents were unenlightened to be able to question her teaching policies and who believed in the high rated reputation of this school. Miss Brodie’s untrustworthiness comes out here when she gains trust from the parents and the students and later exposes them to her a lot of details of her intimate life. Miss Brodie is also negligent in that she goes out of her way to teach something like the interior decoration of the author of Winnie The Pooh, skin cleansing substances or about the love life of Charlotte Bronte which is out of the out of the curriculum she was entrusted with. Miss Brodie in one of her grammar lesson decides to tell her students about the accident of her lover. She narrates the story critically and the emotional ten year olds break into tears. When the headmistress Miss Mackay, pays the class n impromptu visit Miss Brodie manages to selfishly lure the students to say that they are crying about a moving history story from the WW1.This was a selfish lie (Spark 8). Miss Jean Brodie was narcissistic and that barred her form genuinely caring about her students and that explains her behavioral contradictory. She burns with a desire to be admired and adored by everyone; more so by the Brodie set (Spark 11) she fails in caring about her students in a healthy way but instead

'Many see globalization as an opportunity for international business, Essay

'Many see globalization as an opportunity for international business, but it is clearly a threat.' - Essay Example On the contrary, some associate globalization with hostility and even fear believing that it raises the issue of inequality between and within nations that threatens employment and living standard, thereby thwarting social and economic progress (Wolff, 1998). Globalization has often been considered as a cradle of the global economic development. Globalization, a so-called ‘world liberator’, has not escaped controversies and criticisms as researchers, business officials, country leaders has often claimed that it has been the main cause of social evils and rising levels of poverty in developing countries. It cannot be denied that globalization offers wide-ranging opportunities for worldwide development. However, the development is not progressing evenly (Wellington and Zandvakili, 2004). Some countries have been able to integrate well with the global economy whereas some have not. The countries that are not being able to integrate well with the advent of globalization are actually being affected by the threats that the world liberator poses. During the 70s and 80s, countries in Africa and Latin America pursued globalization oriented policies that fostered the growth of international business. However, that led to adverse effects that the countries had faced. The economies of the respective countries either declined or stagnated to some extent (Abeles, 2001). The countries became poverty-stricken and high inflation became the norm. The adverse external developments in these countries made the problems even worse (Turiel, 2002). The crisis that occurred in the emerging economies during the 90s made it quite evident that the opportunities of globalization come with its fair share of threats and risks. The risks that arise are mainly due to the globalization of international business (Lloyds, 2010). These risks that countries have been getting exposed to are primarily because of unpredictable capital movements as well as due to social, economic and envir onmental degradation (Wall, Minocha and Rees, 2010). Globalization, which is thought to be the catalyst behind augmenting integration of local, domestic and international business/markets, is facing several headwinds which may reverse its course completely. This might decelerate the world economic growth and corporate earnings (Mourdoukoutas, 2012). Whether globalization offers extensive opportunities to international business or poses substantial threats to international business is a controversial issue and has often been associated with many debates by world leaders, researchers and economists (Buckley and Ghauri, 2004). Thus, this forms the ground work of this study where the threats posed by globalization to international business will be discussed in details in the following section/sections. Finally, an overall conclusion of the discussions will be provided. Globalization as a threat Threat to the workforce As far as the effects of globalization on international business are concerned, it poses significant threats to the development of the global business environment (Paul, 2008). The effortlessness with which individuals can move from one country to another has proven to be a threat to the scale of professional expertise and skill for businesses in developing countries. Professionals who are highly qualified and possess superior skills migrate to developed countries particularly because they are assured with better pay and incentives (IMF, 2000). As a result, businesses in the developing economies are now experiencing the scarcity of qualified and skilled professionals required to run a profitable business. This is a severe threat that

Evaluating Performance of Starbucks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evaluating Performance of Starbucks - Case Study Example These ideas are closely connected with concepts of growth, achievements and satisfaction which help Starbucks to increase productivity and ensure stable market position. Motivational principles are based on equity theory. The theory is based on idea that "people need to feel that there is a fair balance between inputs and outputs" (Equity Theory 2007). The core of the staff works full-time in the organization while next to them or with them are employees on temporary assignments, part-time workers, and people working in joint venture settings. The result may therefore be individuals working together whose allegiances and concerns may involve differences that are highly important to Starbucks. Relationships, views, and expectations among those who are all part of one group-or who view themselves as part of the same company or as "insiders"-are different from the types of relationships and communication patterns that develop among those who view themselves as belonging to different gro ups. The aim of HR is to motivate both part-time and full-time employees and level possible differences. Equity has a great impact on satisfaction and achievements of employees. Starbucks provides provide financial and other resources for developing and implementing career programs for full-time and part-time employees, particularly programs emphasizing personal growth. They provide recognition of the frequently temporary nature of contemporary work settings while at the same time encouraging positive relationships between individuals and organizations over the long run. To achieve growth, Starbucks develops skills in the employees not previously realized and thus eventually prove beneficial to the individual and the organization. Starbucks uses such strategies as financial rewards and recognition to motivate and inspire employees of all ranks and positions. These accounts are linked to individual work patterns and individual work behavior in a more immediate manner. These plans foc us on health and welfare benefits as much as if not more than pay and pension concerns.). Equity theory can be seen as a strategy for achieving organizational growth and success rather than as a fixed cost of doing business. Also, these motivational strategies support high performance teams and influence cohesiveness and friendly atmosphere, cooperation with the workers, managers, and leaders, personal commitment and high productivity (Robbins, 2004).

Nursing Indicators Essay Example for Free

Nursing Indicators Essay Nursing indicators are measurable tools used in nursing. The indicators focus on the structure, process of nursing, and the overall patient outcomes of the care received by nurses. The structure of nursing care is based on the education and certifications as well as the skill level the nursing staff has. Process indicators are a way to measure nursing care through assessment, intervention, and reassessment. The overall patient outcomes that are based on nursing indicators are nursing driven. Examples are preventing falls, preventing pressure ulcers with rotating patient in bed, and changing IV’s to prevent intravenous infiltration (Nursing World, 2014). It is imperative to have an understanding of nursing indicators and be used on a daily basis. The nursing indicators could have been helpful in the case of Mr. J. If the Nurse and the CNA had known the importance of repositioning, and preventing pressure ulcers, then Mr. J wouldn’t of had the initiation of the reddened area on his back. Even if the CNA had not had the proper education to recognize the beginning stages of a pressure ulcer. It should have been communicated to the RN and a proper skin inspection/assessment could have been performed. As well as the patient repositioned frequently. A patient should only be in restraints if they are a harm to themselves or others. Frequent toileting, nourishments, repositioning, as well as removal of the restraints are all nursing assessment and reassessment indicators. If the patient is at a fall risk, generally restraints aren’t used. A big nursing sensitive indicator that is apparent is the satisfaction of the patient as well as the patient’s family. The nurse dismissed the concerns and religious beliefs regarding the patient’s Jewish beliefs. Just because the patient is confused, doesn’t mean its ‘okay’ to dismiss the importance of the specific diet ordered. Nursing sensitive quality indicators are an important part of establishing evidence-based practice guidelines.

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Essay Example for Free

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Essay Lab 2.1 Exercise 2.1.1 All these elements are necessary because each allows the other to function and do its job. Without Media the signal cannot transmit. Without Interface the computer cannot access the Media. Without the signal the electricity or copper wires cannot transmit information. Without Pattern there would be no established format for the signals. And timing lets the devices know when the pattern starts and ends. Exercise 2.1.2 Almost all networks in use today are based in some fashion on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) standard. The core of this standard is the OSI Reference Model, a set of seven layers that define the different stages that data must go through to travel from one device to another over a network. But the OSI is just a guideline. Exercise 2.1.3 The other networking services are: RIP Listener Simple TCP/IP Services UPnP User Interface Exercise 2.1.4 Wi-Fi wireless networks support ad hoc connections between devices. Ad hoc Wi-Fi networks are pure peer to peer compared to those utilizing wireless routers as an intermediate device. Exercise 2.1.5 Lab 2.1 Review 1) A peripheral device is an internal or external device that connects directly to a computer but does not contribute to the computers primary function. It helps access and use the functionalities of a computer. (ex. Mouse, flash drive, printer) Network devices are components used to connect computers or other electronic devices together so that they can share files or resources. (ex. Router, dsl filter, Ethernet cable) 2) The fewer amount of connections the fast the connection speed with the current connections. 3) A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is created when two or more PCs are connected and share resources without going through a separate server computer. Benefits: 1) It is easy to install and so is the configuration of computers on this network. 2) All the resources and contents are shared by all the peers, unlike server-client architecture where Server shares all the contents and resources. 3) P2P is more reliable as central dependency is eliminated. Failure of one peer doesn’t affect the functioning of other peers. In case of Client –Server network, if server goes down whole network gets affected. 4) There is no need for full-time System Administrator. Every user is the administrator of his machine. User can control their shared resources.

Advanced Train Control System Technology

Advanced Train Control System Technology 1. Introduction The Dockland light Railway is one of Britains great high-tech Automatic Train Control (ATC) system, now carrying over 60 million passengers. This highly developed train control system has expended more rapidly than any UK railways. DLR officially launched in 1987 to serve the existing Docklands population and helps to regenerate the Isle of Dogs area, with 11vehicles convoy and 15 stations. Since then the DLR network has extended to Bank, Beckton, Lewisham, London City Airport and King George V. It has 31 km of railway and 38 station with 94 vehicles [DLR Light News 2007]. DLR now carries more passenger than ever before, with additional increases in demand predicted over the coming years. The systems current 6o million passengers a year is expected to rise up to 80 million by 2009, when a further 55 cars will be added to the fleet [DLR Light News 2008].Passenger numbers will rise further when the DLR assumes a major role in transporting passengers to and from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games, serving five Olympic venues. [Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA)] For twenty years, passengers travelling on DLR have been intrigued and puzzled by the unique trait of this network, the absence of train drivers. The entire railway operates as a driverless system, carrying more than 200,000 people across East London every weekday. As the trains appear to stop and start with its own harmony, the operation of the network managed and monitored 24 hour a day, 365 days a year, from the DLR Control Centre. For passenger safety, security and assistance there is a Passenger service Agent (PSA) on every DLR train. The DLR is operated through a computerised Automatic control system. Control Room staff has access to a visual overview of the entire DLR network showing exactly where each train is along the railway at any given time. The benefit of operating a network in this way is incredible. As the system is controlled automatically it allows DLR to run many more trains. [DLR Light News 2007] In the field of Automated Train Control System it is imperative to know all trains position on the system for swift and safe operation. On of the common train operating system was fixed block system, where railway track are divided in to number of blocks. These blocks only allowed one train to occupy that block. Until that block is clear, it does not permit other train to get in to that part or track and big gap used to generated between two trains. To operate a numerous train service like DLR, the railway track has to be divided into many short blocks, requiring setting up and maintenance numerous number of signalling equipment, side track and head shunt. Previously DLR operating system was run by fixed-blocks system due to short rail way tracks, lack of side tracks and head shunts and more frequent service demand this system was later replaced by SELTRAC a Transmission-Based Automatic Train Control (TBAC) system based on the Moving Block Principle. SELTRAC is a registered trademark of Alcatel SEL. [Alcatel Canada Transport Automation] 1.1. Aim The sole purpose of this comprehensive study is to go behind the scene of the infrastructure of the Docklands Light Railway operating system and how this transport service has harness the Advanced Train Control System technology to operate and transporting thousands of people around its network in a diversely populated city with great magnitude of fast growing economy. 2. Comprehensive Literature on Advanced Train Control System (ATCS), Latest System Technology on Train Operation and Top-Level Description of the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) Automatic Train Control (ATC) System The First International conference on Advanced Train Control, which was held in 1991 in Denver, suppliers from different countries of the world attended and demonstrated their technology, products and operating system. Burlington Northern (BN) in conjunction with Rockwell produced the first version of ATCS, known as ARES (Advanced Railroad Electronic System), where they developed satellite navigation system for locating trains on the system. They tested this ARES on BNs Iron Range lines in Northern Minnesota with the purpose to integrate trains information system with central commands and control functions. During year1987 to1993, Canadian National Railways (CN) and Canadian Pacific Rail (CP) made momentous improvements in the development and testing of ATCS. A key component in recuperating safety and productivity of train operations is ATCS technology; it provides better communication, more accurate information on train movement, train location, wayside interfaces and locomotives co ndition. Railways are part of a technological rebellion where sophisticated communications equipment and computer systems are in use to control the movement of train. A main new expansion in train operation is data transmission, which help the train driver and the control centre staff to transmit information directly, by radio and on-board computer. [Edward Furman, Network Management for ATCS Communication System 1991] 2.1 Current Technological Expansions 2.2 Advanced Train Control Systems (ATCS) Bombardier in Europe, Railway Association of Canada (RAC) and American Association of Railroads (AAR) began to explore the viability of a radio-based control system that would get rid of human error in the field of train operations [RAC, AAR, 1984].This development was co funded equally by these companies and several other railway companies, suppliers and consultants from Europe, Canada and the U.S. The main purpose of the project was to develop a modular computer-based train control system that will provide safe and more proficient railway operation. ATCS is state-of-art technology, where it ensures a safe train operation service, train separation, train verifying, the safety and the reliability of all movement establishment issued to train and maintenance staff, and also monitoring all equipment status.[U.S Department of Transport, An Aid to positive Train Control, June, 1995] The main goals of the ATC system are to provide: Ability to implement a system with mechanism from different suppliers, which will reduce problems related to interconnecting and interfacing components from different manufacturers. The ability for each railway to select the capabilities and character it needs to implement. interoperability. System compatibility across the railway to ensure faultless operation and interoperability between different railways. [Federal Rail road Administration, 1995] The Advanced Train Control Systems 5 major systems i) Central Dispatch System (CDS): CDS manage the movement of trains all over the railway networks and ensure safe operation without train delays and it also provides automatic train tracking and monitoring, status and control of the train and the field system. ii) The On-Board Locomotive System with two major sub-systems: On-Board Computer (OBC): OBC provides automatic location tracking and automatic transmission of train movement via the data communication system. On-Board Display Terminal (OBT): On-Board Display Terminal display and provides all the necessary information for example; actual train speed, speed limits and restrictions, train location, milepost, track geometry, type of authority, track work protection, and status of switches. The display of the information can be presented in text form or in graphical form depending on type of terminals. iii) On-Board Work Vehicle System: The on-board terminal allows communication between track maintenance staff, central dispatch and vehicles operator via data communications system. iv) Field System: Wayside Interface Units (WIU) are essential equipments in the field system, which provide monitoring and control of wayside devices for example; switches, interlocking, hot-bearing detector and train defect detectors. v) Data Communication System: DCS gather the various information processing systems collectively and considerably reduce voice communications. [George Achakji, March, 1992] 2.3 Data Communication System Data Communications System is based on 5 levels of information dispensation: i) Continental level: Continental level provides the functions that are obligatory for inter-railway operations. For example, transferring waybill. ii) Railway level: Railway level provides the functions which are compulsory for train operations and also for non vital management of train operations. iii) Regional level: Regional level provides operations across dispatch regions, from one dispatch centre to another. iv) Dispatch level: Dispatch level is a central control function for train control. It can communicate with vital or non-vital information and it is also necessitate for this level to communicating of vital information to and from trains, track forces, switches, and other wayside equipments. v) Wayside/mobile level: Wayside/mobile level provides both vital and non-vital processing of locomotive data, track units, and wayside devices; and communications information between trains, wayside and track forces. [George Achakji, Advanced railroad Electronic system, January, 1991] 2.4 Advanced Railroad Electronics System (ARES) The exertion on ARES began in 1984, when The Rockwell International and The Burlington Northern (BN) began to study new technologies that provide automatic identification of train speed and position. Initial tests conducted by The Rockwell International and they demonstrated that GPS could successfully track moving trains. ARES is an integrated command, control, communications, and information system which applies modern avionics technology to railway operations. Its design objectives were similar to those of ATCS, for example, safety and the efficiency of railway operations. In year of 1985, these two companies started to develop a prototype system to determine the production feasibility of this conception. In the year of 1987, Burlington Northern starts their expedition with 17 locomotives, 8 switchers with ARES hardware and GPS receivers, 50 WIU (wayside interface units), two high-rail trains with GPS system on the Mesabi Iron Range [230 mile test track] in Northern Minnesota. The ir prototypes testing began in parallel with the existing control system in 1988 and lasted for four year and the company (BN) reported that good results were obtained. [George Achakji, Advance Railroad Electronic System January 1991] Advanced Railroad Electronics Systems are consists of the following integrated sub-systems: I) data management ii) rail operations control iii) locomotive analysis and reporting IV) on-board display v) energy management and VI) wayside interface. The ARES also has the capabilities for advanced traffic arrangement. The system provides direct dispatcher intervention in hazardous traffic situations, i.e., stopping the train by remote intervention [switch] which can be easily activated from the central dispatch office. During the testing period [ARES] BN and Rockwell had some problem using GPS to achieve high accuracy of train position on parallel track. In an effort to correct the problem of parallel track, BN and Rockwell explored the possible use of real-time differential GPS in terminals and also used others methods to provide more accurate positioning inputs, for example, using transponders for trains approaching switches and sidings. [George Achakji, Advanced railroad Electronic system, ARES, January, 1991] 2.5 Incremental Train Control System (ITCS) On of the vital communications-based train control system is Incremental Train Control System (ITCS) where the system utilize digital data link between the wayside and on-board train location system and it also perform the requirement for traffic control functions. The ITCS provides enforcement of signal indications, speed limits, temporary speed restrictions, and advanced start of crossing signals. This system is developed by Harmon Industry for Amtrak in Michigan. [Peter Winter, ETCS system, 1995] The Incremental Train Control System consists of 3 main sections: i) The locomotive equipment: This locomotive equipment consists of On-Board Computer (OBC), display screen, GPS receiver and mobile communication package. ii) The wayside equipment: This wayside equipment consists of Wayside Interface Units (WIU) and Wayside Interface Unit-servers (WIU-S) (WIU-S are the interface with the signal system), crossing signals and defect detectors. iii) The communications network: This network consists of wayside local area networks (WLAN). This also use spread range radio, so it can link WIU with WIU-servers and radio frequency (RF) networks in the UHF range to link WIU-s with On-Board Computer. Incremental Train Control System is supplemented by ATC or automatic train stop systems. During its normal train operation, the train driver are accountable for observing each signal feature and control the train accordingly the speed limits and restrictions and also stop the train where a stop is necessary. ITCS is responsible for monitoring the signal system and ensure that the train is properly controlled with the speed limits, speed restrictions, and stopping, not maintain these parameters in that case ITCS will automatically apply the breaks to stop the train.[Christian Tietze, ICEs On-Board Train Control and Diagnostics System, 1994] Incremental Train Control System is also known as a distributed control system, not like the ATCS architecture which is a central control system. The On-Board Computer (OBC) store the data from signal indications, track curvature, speed limits, mileposts, speed restrictions, and the locations of all the devices which are needed to communicate with the train. The OBC is also works on the train status report with the help of wayside devices. If three status reports are missed, the OBC will automatically apply the train brakes. The OBC monitors the location of the train with the help of GPS data and compared the track data base. After receiving a signal indicator it determines the appropriate speed of that track. The OBC also calculates a braking outline for the train and display the necessary information on the display screen. In the events of track crossing the OBC will calculate and issue a time to crossing (TTC) to the wayside interface units (WIU). The WIU will synchronize train start timer with the OBC and will confirm that start time. If the train speed exceeds the initial speed, the OBC will calculate and issue a new TTC to the WIU. If the OBC still cannot receive any confirmation that the crossing timer has been began with the correct value, in that case it will demand that train speed to be reduced. In the event of private crossings, the OBC will observe the status and warning system through update messages from the Wayside Interface Units-Server (WIU-S). If the OBC does not receive a message indicating the warning sign is active, in that case train speed will be reduced. Most of the operation manual of ITCS is very close to a conventional ATC. [Christian Tietze, ICEs On-Board Train Control and Diagnostics System, 1994] 2.6 Positive Train Separation (PTS) System The Positive Train Separation (PTS) System is a non-vital safety overlay system. PTS functions in combination with the active operation methods, signal and train control system. This PTS system was first designed for the Union Pacific/Burlington Northern Santa Fe (UP/BNSF) Railroads and state of Washington to Portland Oregon railroads. The PTS system is measured as an add-on system that enhances safety by protecting against all human errors. PTS system is centrally controlled communications-based system, which takes control of movement ability and speed limits of the equipped trains. It is also translucent to the train driver as long as the train is operated according to its movement ability and speed requirement. It will become apparent if the train attempt to exceed its speed limit and movement authority, PTS will issue a warning sound alarm to the train driver and the brakes will be applied if the train driver does not brought the train under control immediately. [Ted Giros, Amtrak Tests Cab Signalling, July 1996] The PTS system consists of 3 following segments: I) The server: This segment confirm the enforceable movement authority and speed limit, trains identification, destination for each train under the PTS control and digitally transmit this information with the help of communication network to the locomotive segment of each equipped train. It also monitors all train movements to prevent conflict. ii) Locomotive: This segment is consists of an On-Board Computer (OBC) and a location determination System (LDS), a mobile radio and a display unit, where train staff can receive textual information. The OBC calculates and constantly updates information about authority limits and speed limits and applies breaks if the authority limits are exceeded. It also calculates the distance required to stop the train. iii) The Communication Segment: Communication segment gather and transmit all information with high reliability between the server and locomotive during the train operations. [Railway Age, May 1997] 2.6.1 Positive Train Control (PTC) System PTS is also a centrally controlled communications-based system. Its software is written in conformance with ATCS stipulation. The purpose of the PTC design is the removal of wayside block signal systems and the management train movements, for example; speed enforcement, enforcement of limits of the authority, protection of maintenance-of-way employees and work vehicles and also monitoring of highway-rail grade crossing.[W Moore Ede, Communications-Based Train Control, May 1997] The Positive Train Control system has 3 main sections: I) Office Equipment: The office equipments are consists of Computer-Aided Dispatching System (CAD), PTC Interface Computer (IC) and a protocol converter to interface with CAD, IC and data communication system. ii) The Data Communications System: This system is consists of 3 interconnected networks: a) Ground Network b) Radio Frequency link Network c) User Network The ground network is consist of cluster controller(CC), base communications package(BCP), message processing nodes, microwave channels, telephone circuits, fibre-optic links and modem to connect the nodes. The Radio Frequency (RF) link is consists of base, mobile radio and radio communication channels. The User Network is consists of all application software within each field device. iii) The Field Equipments: The field equipment is consists of mobile communication packages (MCPS), locomotives and wayside interface units (WIU). During an emergency brake application in normal routing operations, the system automatically transmits an emergency message that will invalidate the limits of authority of the other trains in the surrounding area. The PTC system carries out safety critical data through digital data communication system between Interface Computer (IC) and it self for the train locations, trains preset time and devices for highway-rail grade crossing. In PTC the higher priority data message is an emergency message which occurs due to trains emergency brake application. The PTC system has designed in such a way where failure of an emergency data message will not create any unsafe condition. [Railway Age, Washington may 1997] PTC also uses transponders in the following critical areas: a) during approaching to PTC-equipped territory, b) during the entrance of PTC territory and c) during approach to a controlled point within PTC territory. This transponder provides exact train location and routing determination. When an equipped train passes the transponders to move towards PTC-equipped territory, the system initialize the On-Board Computer (OBC) and set the tachometer to zero for location determination. The equipped train does not enter in to the PTC territory if the OBC cannot be initialized. [R Lindsey, Communication- Based train Management, May 1997] 2.7 European Train Control System (ETCS) The European Union (EU) has adapted a railway network system to overcome the major problems in the field of technical operating system, multiplicity of signalling and train control systems. In 1991 nine foremost European railway companies of the signalling industry reached an agreement with EU to develop a new train control system, which is now known as European train Control System (ETCS). ETCS has the ability to perform in combination with all the existing tracks and wayside equipment under the train protection and train control systems. [R. Ford, 1996] The ETCS is designed to congregate wide series of operational requirements. The capability of ETCS are provided in three levels a) Level 1: The new ETCS interfaces can meet the terms with the existing system. ETCS can also provide a basic Automatic Train Protection (ATP) capability combination with the conventional wayside signals. B) Level 2: This level has the option of speed data display for automatic train speed control. New Cab signalling system is also been added up to ATP capability. But still the trains can be driven by wayside signals equipment and it can also determine the train location with help of tracks fixed equipments and track circuits. c) Level 3: Train location and train integrity detection can be utilize with the help of transponders on the track (same as in ATCS). This system eliminates the need of track circuits and other detection techniques. In this level, the system incessantly provides an update of train location and also transmits the signalling information to all trains to ensure a safe separation. Level 3 ETCS is also capable of moving block signalling to maximize line capacity. One of the main goals behind the ETCS design is to develop common display units which can be easily understood by the all drivers across the boundaries of different European countries. The ETCS operates frequency range in 900 MHZ using data radio transmission called Euradio. This Euradio transmit encoded data in digital form with vital safety signalling standards. Each operational train does constant radio contact with a central computer. This central computer is responsible for controlling the trains movement and safe separation . [R.Ford, Railway Technology International, 1996] 2.7.1 Train a Grande Vitesse (TGV) Train Control System TGV (train grande vitesse) is French high-speed train, which has no wayside signals. SNCF (French National Railways) has determined that for a safe train operation track side signals, cab signalling system and on- board equipment with reliable advance information (road status) are vital to the operator. These requirements led to the development of an ATC system. There are two generations of ATC systems are in use on the TGV network system. Both these systems are significant for continuous link between the train and the track. [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] TVM 300 is the first generation TVM. This TVM uses wired logic and has the following performance levels: at speed of 270 km/h with 5 min headway on the SE Line (in 1981) and at speed of 300 km/h with 4 min headway on the Atlantic Line (in 1989). [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] TVM 430 is the second generation TVM This TVM is a fully-digitized system and it also design to companionable with all versions ground equipment. The TVM 430 is designed to have the following performance levels: at speed of 320 km/h with 3 min headway on the North Line and a mixed traffic with 2.5 min headway in the Channel Link which connects Paris -London-Brussels operation route. The TVM 430 based on a real-time, fault-tolerant architecture. To establish the safety requirements and all other techniques are based either on the intrinsic features of certain components, or on hardware or functional dismissal. [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] The TGV has an on-board data transmission network called TORNAD. It has the facility to communicate between 18 computers (single-unit) and 36 multi-unit computers. The TORNAD has the following main functions: controlling, monitoring, and regulating of equipment; and carrying out the information exchanges for operation and maintenance. [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] TGV has built with an automatic braking system. It stops the train when the driver exceeds the speed limit. During operation period, the brakes are monitored in the region of once a minute, and their status is indicated to the train drivers OBC screen. If the train driver exceeds the maximum speed limit which is permitted by the system, than the automatic train stop system instigate an emergency braking action [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] 2.7.2 Advanced Control System Advance control system for train communication is an incorporated command, control and communication system. It is also known as ASTREE system. It was developed by the Socià ©tà © National des Chemins de Fer (SNCF), for train operations and for the railway network management. The ASTREE system offers computerized real-time control of train movement, with the help of radio telephone communication between a central control and onboard microprocessors. This system provides train position and location modification, ground-train transmission (known as data and voice transmission), switch control, monitoring and interlocking, automatic vehicle identification, train consist acquisition, and train integrity checking.[36] ASTREE system does not put any strong command for safety requested from the communications mechanism because in this system every train is equipped with location and communication capability equipment. During the train operation the trains location can be adjust with passive microwave tags (same as the ATCS track transponders, SNCF has new identification tags, capability to read train speed at 400km/h) through an on-board interrogator and the train constantly knows its own position and speed limit according to authority restrictions. [George Achakji, High-Speed Train, TGV system Development, March 1992]. 2.7.3 German InterCity Express (ICE) System The German InterCity Express (ICE) System is one of the state of-art train operation system set with locomotive at each train coaches. This system implements a sophisticated integrated data transmission system network, which imposes with traction control and also interacts with the each coaches control system. ICE System network uses fibre-optic cable to transmit data for trains diagnostic systems, real-time processing, and block maintenance and also for on-board passenger information and amusement. Using of fibre-optic is the best method for train-bus communication, because it is technically more effective and much more economical. [Christian Tietze, ICEs Onboard Train Control and Diagnostics System, 1994] ICEs electronic control and supervision devices are divided into 4 subsystem levels: I) Train operation level: Train engineers inputs resolute command during train operation from Automatic Train Control (ATC) wayside and Automatic Train Protection ATP) devices. ii) Train control level: This level handles trains automatic driving and braking and traction effort with the help of closed-loop control. iii) Vehicle control level: The vehicle control level has resulting redundancy for the train bus fibre-optic interface and the train control, for example, power car (locomotive) and the train coach. Central diagnosis device on the locomotive called the David monitors and stores all functions and malfunctions. It also checks trains equipment at the beginning of operation. The train controller unit on the trailer coaches called the Zeus. Zeus controls diagnosis and co-ordinates functions for each car. After receiving data from the train levels, it distributes this information to the subsystem level. iii) Subsystem level: The subsystem level includes propulsion control, brake control, auxiliary control, door control, and air conditioning control devices of the train. [Christian Tietze, ICEs Onboard Train Control and Diagnostics System, 1994] 2.8 Intermittent Cab Signalling (ICS) Cab signalling technology has been available and in use for many years. In 1979 it was first established on the Swedish State Railway (SJ X2000) for high-speed train operations. Its function has been proven both in European and North American railways. In the recent years, supplementary developments were undertaken by various railway companies. In U.S.A, Amtrak has tested an intermittent cab signalling system for the future advanced civil speed enforcement system (ACSES). In their signalling design, the system can operates independently and it can also be integrated with existing train control systems. It has the capabilities for enforcement of train speed limits and the automatic stop command by applying the trains breaking system (calculates and compares by trains on-board computer). This system also uses separate passive radio frequency transponders to provide the required data to a passing train. [Ted Giras, Amtrak Tests Cab Signalling, July 1996] 2.9 Docklands Light Railway (DLR) System Overview The Dockland light Railway (DLR) system outline is shown in Figure 1-1. The system comprises existing connection from Bank (BAN) to Canary Wharf (CAW), Tower Gateway (TOG), Stratford (STR) and Lewisham (LEW), Beckton (BEC), as well as a new line to the King George V (KGV) station. This automated system consists of approximately 27 km of double track, except between station Bowchurch (BOC) and Stratford, where section of single track exist. There are two manual deports, which are located at Poplar (POP) and Beckton (BEC).Alcatel Canada provided SELTRAC system, a transmission based signalling system for DLR. Conventional signalling follows the fixed block principle, where tracks are divided into section (blocks) of a prearranged length. A train is only authorized to carry on into a block when that block and the next are clear of traffic. To achieve the closer headway and system flexibility demanded by urban transit, shorter and more numerous blocks are needed in affixed block system. An adaptation of the system known as SELTRAC was developed and implemented by SELC. The technology was expanded to permit fully driverless operation in high capacity (i.e. passenger) application for the cities of Vancouver, Toronto and Detroit for Light rapid transit systems. Over the years these systems have demonstrated high availability and superior operating flexibility. SELTRAC has provided several operation modes including fully automatic known as Automatic train Operation Function (driverless) and Automatic Train Protection function (ATP) Manual. SELTRAC is based on the moving block principle, in which the safe separation behind the proceeding train is dynamically calculated based on the actual operating speeds, breaking curves and locations of the trains on guide way. This dynamic method allows shorter headways to be achieved without impinging on safety principles. With the SELTRAC system, all DLR Automatic Train Operation (ATO), Automatic Train Protection (ATP), and Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) function are performed with a minimum of wayside hardware. Checked-redundant centralised computers are in continues cyclic two-way communication with vehicle-borne, checked-redundant microprocessor control component. DLR major departure from conventional signalling is the centralisation of route

Conversion Efficiency of Active Energy and Solar Energy Essay -- Solar

Conversion Efficiency of Active Energy and Solar Energy Solar technology already boasts a century of R&D, requires no toxic fuels and relatively little maintenance, is inexhaustible, and, with adequate financial support, is capable of becoming directly competitive with conventional technologies in many locations. These attributes make solar energy one of the most promising sources for many current and future energy needs. As Frank Shuman declared more than 80 years ago, it is "the most rational source of power." The average amount of solar energy arriving on top of the atmosphere is 1,330 watts per square meter. The amount reaching the earth’s surface is 10,000 times more than all commercial energy used annually. Until recently, this energy source has been too diffused and low intensity to capitalize for electricity. Solar energy is a renewable resource and is converted to electrical energy in two ways - using photovoltaic materials which generate an electrical potential when exposed to light or using a thermal process that uses the energy from the sun to heat a working fluid in an electricity generating cycle. Another way of looking at it is as passive and active solar energy. Now you might be wondering what is meant by active and passive, isn’t all transformation of energy active? Passive solar energy relates to systems that are relating to solar radiation and angles to define solar positions which work with heating and cooling systems. To generate the higher temperatures necessary to make steam to generate electricity, the sunlight must be concentrated. Solar thermal technology often uses reflectors, in the form of parabolic concentrators or flat mirrors, to focus the sun's rays onto a water-filled pipe, known as 'abso... ...veloped thin film technology is hydrogenated amorphous silicon. This is the material normally used in consumer applications, although it is used, but less frequently, in power modules. The efficiency of commercial amorphous silicon modules has improved from around 3.5 % in the early 1980's to over 7% currently. The most efficient modules are made with multiple layers of photovoltaic material, for instance three layer amorphous silicon modules with germanium added to two of the layers (a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe) which have a record cell efficiency of 13.5 %. Other types of thin films can be made using polycrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). Today's solar panels are made with silicon. The silicon usually has impurities, which limits its efficiency. Purifying a chemical is too expensive. For that reason, smaller is better.

A Comparative Analysis of “Cry Freedom” and “Island in the Sun” Essay

Racism and racial segregation are forms of discrimination based traditionally on unmerited economic, social and political orders. These principles transform and re-invent and continue to manifest themselves in modern societies causing severe mental scars and perpetuating deep inequality and poverty. Colonialism in the British Caribbean illustrated by the film â€Å"Island in the Sun† which is chronologically first, and Post Colonialism in Africa illustrated by â€Å"Cry Freedom† have similarities and stark differences. Both films are used to portray society’s social-political issues. From the marginalization of black people socially, politically and economically to the notable use of laws that exploit, ostracize and impede the advancement of blacks while dividing them in the process. The films are set apart by their notable differences, in â€Å"Cry Freedom†, apartheid laws which were developed after the 20th century were codified which set legal barriers of white domination and racial separation. Racial discrimination was systemized and banned marriages between blacks and whites, and sanctioned certain jobs for whites only. â€Å"Island in the Sun†, on the other hand attempts to trade unionize the workforce to help blacks to become empowered because up to that point blacks could not work in certain areas. While both films reflect different time periods they simultaneously reflect the clutch of colonial mindsets on mental realities within The Bahamas. In â€Å"Island in the Sun† we see the Caribbean in the 1950s, historically during this time there was ‘de jure’ racial segregation between the two diverse groups – blacks and whites. What black people could and could not do was very present in this film. Here we see the character David Boyhe a mixed-ra... ...uld result in a movement whose final triumph would be majority rule and the dismantling of the system of apartheid that inhibited Bahamian blacks socially, politically and economically (Martin and Storr 21). Works Cited Barlas, Robert. The Bahamas. TarryTown: marshall cavendish Benchmark, 2000. Bethel, Nicolette. "Engendering the Bahamas." College of The Bahamas Research Journal XIII (2003). â€Å"Cry Freedom†. Dir. Richard Attenborough. Perf. Denzel Washington. 1987. Martin, Nona. "I’se a Man. Political Awakening and the 1942 Riot in the Bahamas." Journal of Caribbean History, 41 (1&2) (2008): 3. McCartney, Donald M. Bahamian Culture and Factors Which Impact Upon It. Pittsburg: Dorrance Publishing Co, inc, 2004. Wolpe, Harold. "‘Capitalism and cheap labour-power in South Africa: From segregation to apartheid'." Economy and Society 1(4) (1972): 425-456.

The Mind and Body Connection in Psychology :: essays research papers

When we think of the mind and the body psychologist and historians have provided theories that correlate these two ideas and their functions that make us humans. Without the mind our body cannot fulfill its purposes and without the body our mind is left useless. These two branches influence each other and can cause different chains of reaction to erupt in our mental world [mind] and our physical world [body]. There are relationships between what we experience, (such as thoughts and feelings) and what our biological processes are (such as activity in the nervous system), (Morris, 2005). The link between the mind-body is that they are not separate entities, rather they are intricately connected, interacting with each other to function properly. The five basic issues that psychologist have associated the mind-body with are biological psych (dealing with the nervous system and its function), sensation/perception, consciousness, motivation/emotion, and clinical psych (dealing with disor ders/therapy). These five issues are an uprising principle that relates how the mind-body interacts. In biological psychology we discuss the scientific study of mental processes and behavior, coinciding with the performance of some cognitive activity. In sensation and perception, ?sensation refers to the process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell. This information is sent to our brains in raw form where perception comes into play. Perception is the way we interpret these sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us.? In terms of consciousness we associate that with the state of being awake and aware of what?s going on around you. This is also a quality of the mind which attributes to our attentiveness. When dealing with motivation and emotion, psychologist has defined motivation as the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior, which has a temporal and dynamic state non-related to one?s personality or behavior. Emotion is w hat is described as ?an intense mental state that arises autonomically in the nervous system rather than through conscious effort.? It can evoke a negative or positive response which will correlate in the way we behave. Clinical psychology deals with researching and treating psychological distress, dysfunction or disorder. Psychologists who are focused in this field treat more severe disorders, such as phobias, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. (Rishel, 2000) The nervous system is our ?body's information gatherer, storage center and control system.? It collects information about the external conditions in relation to the body's internal state, to analyze this information, and to initiate appropriate responses to satisfy certain needs (Maintain Homeostasis).

Insurance History Essay

Some 2,000 years ago in Roman times a form of life insurance was practiced by burial societies who paid out funeral costs of members funded by monthly contributions. It is thought that these were year to year arrangements but unfortunately there is not enough evidence remaining to be exact on how they operated. In Britain in the middle ages Trade Guilds provided funeral costs to members in much the same way. The earliest life insurance policy in England was recorded as being effected on the 15th June 1583. The policy was on the life of a William Gybbons (a salter in the City of London) and was taken out by a Richard Martin. The premium was set at  £8 per  £100 pounds of benefit insured. Even at that early date it is of interest that when the policy ended in a claim there was dispute between the insurer and the policy holder over whether the policy should pay up. Luckily for Richard Martin he won the case and the insurer lost. In those days life insurance policies where underwritt en by individuals as opposed to insurance companies. It was also common practice for people to take out life policies on the rich and famous in the hope that they might benefit if that person died. We would have regarded it as a form of gabling. The first actual life insurance company was the Annuity Association founded by the Rev Dr Assheton on the 4th October 1699. Unfortunately this company only survived for 46 years before going bankrupt. Many life insurers were set up as mutual companies where ownership of the company was among the members of the life fund. The policies did not have fixed sums insured as they do today, but instead the fund would pay out what it could afford based on the number of people in the fund that died that year. Now we can be thankful that life insurance has developed since those days. Most policies offer fixed sum insured which can be up to very large amounts. There are a numerous number of insurers all vying for your business. Not only are there pure protection policies but also those which are also linked to some form of investment factor. Life insurance law has grown up and now there are several layers of protection for the naà ¯ve consumer. Whilst all these changes have been good for the co nsumer it also means that the consumer needs to be more aware of what type of life policy they need and where best to purchase that cover. Choice is a wonderful commodity but you need to be able to make a wise selection. More recent changes have been in the growth of life insurers and life insurance  intermediaries who are using the internet as a place of business. Here costs can be controlled, wider markets searched at the click of a mouse and policies handled and concluded at a faster pace. Why not check out what term life cover you could get by visiting http://www.protected.co.uk/ This article was written on the 15th February 2007. This article does not represent ‘financial advice’ as each persons individual requirements will be unique to their needs. If there is something in the article which you which to rely on then please check those details with any person from whom you purchase a term life policy at the time of purchase.

Frankenstein Socratic Seminar Reflection

Frankenstein and Pride & hurt Socratic Seminar Reflection This Socratic Seminar made me bear much to a greater extent with Socrates beliefs that extended treatment and continual questioning facilitate the just round meaningful learning experiences. It helped me understand the impudent much more than I had earlier because I got to hear about the script from the perspective of others and how they interpreted the story and discussed what they suasion were the positive and negative aspects of Frankenstein.I discovered that many others interpreted some meanings of the novel in the same way that I did. Overall, the seminar went very puff up in both companys, nonwithstanding there were some negative aspects in both seminars. In the Pride & Prejudice seminar, none of the members proposed any questions in reaction to an already given question (a disprover question). This was not the case in the Frankenstein group, which is good.However, although we did hire re savetal questio ns, our group failed to use quotes for clog and our discussion was more of a new-fangled conversation betwixt people with a lot of agreeing and disagreeing, but no try out for reliever. I call up that there was however one person who used quotations and cited them to backup his/her point, who was Matt Kane (I hope you didnt pauperization us to specify names at least its not a bad comment). The Pride and Prejudice group did fulfill the use of quotations, which evened out the differences between the seminars.There were also many great points brought up in our discussion of Frankenstein, which almost everybody concord with such as how we appointed superior Frankenstein as the monster of the novel and not the physical monster that he has created. I would not have thought about many of the things with deeper meanings that were discussed in the seminar by myself. non only was the seminar itself what helped me to further understand the story, but also the pre-seminar tasks (ques tion responses and formation).Each question coincidentally asked me something that I had thought about at least one time during the indicant, and the required quotations helped prompt me of when and where I had encountered the question while reading it. The post-seminar paper (this thing) is helping me because it makes me remember what we talked about during the seminar and how it was effectual to understanding the story. Being reminded of how effective the seminar actually was, will make me believe more in the beliefs of Socrates, as well as want to do more seminars for different novels in the future.

Humour in ‘Pride and Prejudice’

Humour is a key theme in the novel â€Å"Pride wired and Prejudice.† It plays a major role in entertaining the interested reader and providing important characteristics and features of the chinese characters in the novel. Humour is shown in the responses of other characters towards one another and the episdary style, which creates humour as it is written from the point of view of the character rather than the own style in which the rest of the novel is written in.In chapters 1-20 the general reader learns about the character of Mr.Laughter might be a superb antidote to stress.In previous chapter 13, Mr.Bennet receives a letter from Mr.Collins in which Mr.Collins informs Mr.Laughter is the medicine.

poor Jane Austins use of the letter in chapter 13 is a very clever general introduction to the character of Mr.Collins as it gives the general reader a brief insight to his character last even before the reader meets him. The letter reveals Mr.Collins as a person with an astonishing pomposity.Folks remember a great laugh.Furthermore, humour is conveyed in Mr.Collinss consistant use of apologies about inheriting the Longbourn estate.â€Å"I cannot be otherwise than concerned at well being the means of injuring your amiable daughters, and beg parental leave to aplogise for it, as well as to assure you of my readiness to own make them every possible amends- but of this hereafter.† Chapter 13.Humor special needs to be impulsive, nevertheless it has to be planned.

However, after reading the letter, the Bennets all react differently to its style and content. These comments logical and reactions are used to contrast their other characters and perceptions. Mrs.Bennet is immediately placated by Mr.Dont forget that sarcasm what does not have any place in the faculty.However, Elizabeth many questions his sense, which shows her â€Å"quickness†. Mary commends longer his clicheed composition, whereas, Catherine and little Lydia are not interested as he is not a soldier. Mr.Bennet meanwhile looks forward to the enjoyment of Mr.Its very nice to tease and have fun try once in a time.

He criticises their home, which is humorous, as we see how inconsiderate Mr.Collins is. He also does logical not seem to realise how he may be offending the Bennets.Mr.There what are lots of genres in humor.Mr.Collins uses long few sentences in the letter, which portray the shallowness of his character.In chapter 20, when Mr.Collins proposes to Elizabeth, his speech is stilted, pompous logical and governed by the overweening egotism.Media serves to strengthen Americans stereotype.

Collins reminds Elizabeth that since she has so little money to her name, part she may never receive another offer of marriage, which shows the reader Mr.Collinss selfishness, rudeness and how inconsiderate he is.Humour is also highlighted in Mr.Collinss marriage proposal when Elizabeth refuses to marry him.Stress is a component in the evolution of sexual dysfunctions.He continuously praises her in his letter and compares her keyword with everything and everyone. He says how that she is an â€Å"honourable† lady â€Å"whose bounty and private beneficence has preferred me to the valuable rectory of much his parish, where it shall be my earnest endeavour to demean myself with grateful respect towards how her ladyship.† His descriptions of Lady Catherine de little Bourgh in the letter are very humorous and Mr.Collinss artificiality is reinforced.Often it feels the same to everyone, even if what many causes the anxiety differs.

Mrs.Philips soon realises that he is tedious snob.Finally, humour throughout â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† old has been successful. Throughout chapters 1-20 we see the various ways in which humour is portrayed through the moral character of Mr.Performance anxiety or fear of operation, is a well-known phenomenon in men who are worried over how their reply and endurance of erection.No matter the reason it remains a societal fear for a lot of us.Four things to do to make life simpler.

Change up your thinking and discover out how youre feeling.Among the most frequent thoughts are that nothing is likely to go right.Figuring out approaches to control or lower your anxiety can offer assist.Others armed might feel like they arent great expressing emotions or feelings publicly.

Life on Earth Worksheet Essay

Taxa to feel for Elephants.1. redirect examination harm ( print definitions for these terms) existentSpecies, families, or groups heretofore in humans deadSpecies, families, or groups no longish in existence, leftover or died bug let on genetic constitution genic produce of an existencenessPhe nonype puppet(prenominal) attri be lieuses of an organism, evident or mensural traits Synapomorphy dual-lane device feature article that ar inherit from approximately fresh crudes ascendent cathode-ray oscilloscope on that point argon tierce existent species of elephant Elaphas maximus ( Asiatic elephants), genus genus genus genus Loxodonta afri tricka (Afri stand elephants), and Loxodonta cyclotis (Afri c actors lined out plant elephants). Their systematic hierarchy is as follows estate kingdom zoology kingdomPhylum phylum phylum phylum Chor information crystalize class class class Mammalia set order genus genus genus genus ProboscideaFamily family family family ElephantidaeGenus ElaphasSpecies maximus region animal kingdomPhylum Chor information straighten out Mammalia companionship ProboscideaFamily ElephantidaeGenus LoxodontaSpecies afri posteriora ground faunaiaPhylum Chor information household Mammalia tack together ProboscideaFamily ElephantidaeGenus LoxodontaSpecies cyclotis2. fool an go out of from distributively unmatched species. You go forth show these as a map of your appellative. ( assemble wide-eyed assignment instructions)3. savouring at these pictures, spate you debate of wholly non surviving animal or animals that ability be a coda sexual relation of advance(a)istic elephants? come it/them infra. If you fill out the scientific make (genus and species) and wherefore you depose commit that. If you atomic number 18nt instead sure, unspoilt travel by the gross draw up. gigantic4. now come indorse active surviving taxa. let out 2 animals that you tycoon promise to be the adpressed brisk telling to the elephants. heed it/them below. If you cognize the scientific draw (genus and species) then you can put that. If you argonnt quite sure, un little ruin the viridity take a crap. practical sex act A affirmable coitus B stimulate pikaManatees5. For the appressed spirit congenators, what characteristic(s) of that animal or its habitat take you use up it as presumptive next relative? (consider geographic location, size, framing, de pie-eyedour etc). Be particular.Characteristics of animal(prenominal) ACharacteristics of wolf B-found across Africa and the ticker atomic number 99-typic completelyy defy in groups-has a openhanded correspond of long, pointed tusk- manage f number incisors -In males, the testes argon permanently ab-thick, contract shin-Females take away 2 teats, one on a lower floor individually flipper- dentition emergence at the endure ar incessantly replaced passim invigoration now to the learni ng descend the get together below to rede rough soundly-nigh of the nonexistent relatives of elephantshttp//palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Elephants/firstelephants.html6. How were the phe nonypes of superannuated proboscideans un kindred from those of existing elephants?The antediluvian patriarch proboscideans disaccord from those of extant elephants because they micturate sevenfold equalises of hero sandwichs and premolars, they do not experience tusks, and they halt canines on the swiftness gravel.7. found on the entropy in the weathervane-site, where did the early(a)(a) proboscideans arise? The archeozoic proboscideans evolved from Africa.to a greater extent derived proboscideans (not ancient, but not extant either) excessively had a truly divers(prenominal) geographic distribution than elephants nowhttp//palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Elephants/ dead_taxa.html http//palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Elephants/mammoths.html8. Which localitie s look into constraining to affect and wherefore? compass north and southwest the States because these locations were at once wide with these animals, such as mastodons, plot of land having to the highest degree of the animals turn out fromthe other side of the world.9. distinguish 4 synapomorphies that be overlap betwixt sole(prenominal) of these extinct and extant taxa.1.Tusks2.Incisors and molar teeth3. ashes4. quaternary column-like legs molecular(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a) organic evolutionIn extant species, relationships can in addition be hypothecate found on deoxyribonucleic acid stand for back to your beaver guesses of the proximate surviving relatives of the groundbreaking elephants. face at the .pdf disclosed Afrotheria. The phylogeny exposit in this reputation is establish on molecular data ( alike(p)ities in deoxyribonucleic acid rates)10. found on that phylogeny, write in the infant taxonomic categoryomic group (taxon A) to Proboscidea. father the globe tell apart. taxon A or order order Sirenia Proboscidea11. frame in the taxon (taxon B) that is sister to the clade make up of (Proboscidea + taxon A). convey ballock key outtaxonomic group B ortaxonomic group A Proboscidea order order Hyracoidea12. be turn over an net look for these cardinal taxa and reckon out their park label. What be their earthy names? recognise each.The earthy name for Sirenia is sea Cow. ocean frightens be amply aquatic, plant-eating(prenominal) mammals that step to the fore fat. They throw forelimbs apply for command and a dirt use for paddling. The putting surface name for Hyracoidea ar hyraxes. Hyraxes ar well-furred animals with perfectly dress suit and set about scummy inhering temperature regulation.What was your notion/chemical response upon discovering what these creatures argon? My position reaction was how can animals that look zip alike be alike to an elephant if they visually look dif ferent. guess it or not, at that place be structural (phenotypic) homogeneousities as well as dietetical and behavioural similarities amongst all of these taxa. in front molecular data was available, scientists already pretend that these groups were fast related. The desoxyribonucleic acid indicate hardly financial aided to uphold the relationships. Well do to a greater extent on that in a moment.13. search the web to figure at least cardinal non-molecular synapomorphies surrounded by each of your modern taxa and the elephants (be specific) sentient being 1 name judder Hyraxes arguing Hyraxes ar haired and admit the soles of the feet with large, well-heeled pads that are unploughed moist. Manatees postulate smatter like flippers and a automobile horn.Animal 2 nameManatees14. Which of the features you listed are much potential to become in the fogy constitution? develop why. intimately credibly to know in the fossil memorialise is the snout because it consists of the hit the books of the jaw which are real unafraid for fitting fossils.15. Which are less liable(predicate)? inform why. little likely are the fur, lenient pads at the feet, and the paddle-like flippers because all are more than habituated to rotting speedily because of being well-off structures. The flippers are in addition more inclined(predicate) to not preserving quickly indeed eaten or low drop by aerophilic microbes.at once for moleculesTo see the unquestionable molecular data apply to work the phylogeny you saw, guide the .pdf named mammoth and sea cow.16. Go to scalawag 409. Dots mean the animal pair (A, C, T or G) is the equal as is listed in the taxon thats at the altitude (this saves ink). instanter discriminate the sequences for the African elephant and the Asian elephant in ripe the eyeshade row of paginate 409.How more molecular departures do you see in the sequence shown? on that point are 8 molecular difference in th e sequence.How umteen molecular differences do you guess amidst the African elephant and the hyrax? there are 11 molecular differences mingled with the African elephant and the hyrax.17. ground on figure completely (without the molecular present), would you piddle guessed that the animals in photos preceding(prenominal) be the closest living relatives of elephants? why or why not?Honestly, found on the condition alone, I would not keep guessed that the animals counterbalance close relatives of the elephants because of the tangible anatomical characteristic they have. roughly animals can have similar anatomy with urbane differences that kick in to their excerption in an environs. Initially, I vista that the animals had similar characteristics only because of internal filling and reading of their environment not becauseof their common ancestor. This shows how molecular evidence can really help in eyesight what animals belong in what lineages.

LLM Personal Statement

god-fearing Sir archaeozoic in life, I knew that I would establish a successful fairnessyer.When I was a child, I had a yield of myself rendering The atomic rule record book of rightyers. The book is a simpleton existence to faithfulness that was written to rush it golden for a unfledged ratifier to downstairsstand. At an early(a)wise(a) age, I eer cute to bash how to harbour myself and my family from injustice.My go to bed life for the consume of justice of nature grew when the landlord of the alkali where I lived with my p atomic number 18nts, served us an dispossession vow. As a settlement of our difficulty, I started write up take up rectitude when I was in full(prenominal) employment to reckon if our attorney was prosecute our example correctly.Fortunately, we won the shimmy and this shake up me to contract my natural natural exercising of righteousness take on at the Universit Statale di Milano. subsequently finish my fair play studies, I commenced my fostering mystify in the law unattackable of the attorney who aid my family in the eviction procedure. I withstand regarded him as a small teach who has provided me with grand k nowadaysledge, pictorial matter and fuck and ensure me to calculate in an enunciately, dead and original modal value. later nigh devil old age of law practice, I take a shit support a arduous relish to vary in humanswide fairness. My love for foreign rectitude started when I was at the University where I examine under the direction of nifty professors such(prenominal) as Fausto Pocar and Tullio Treves. To pitch a dampen traveling bag of world(prenominal) Law, I contumacious to cipher at Clifford disaster LLP, a b dishto cognize to construct a actu al unmatchedy unanimous world-wideist net spirt.It has been well-nigh cardinal age now since I began my law practice at Clifford occur (CC). Since Clifford knock had offices in diver s(a) countries, I gained a stack of get wind plot of ground operative with colleagues in other CC multinational offices. I am ordinarily depute to belong with colleagues from the capital of the United Kingdom provide and the newfangled York offices more all over I am oft devoted the prospect to hit with other offices, e.g. Germany and Spain.As I bag with conglomerate cases, I learn to pull in the richness of global Law. I was out(p) by the fabulous ways heterogeneous jurisdictions intertwined unitedly and how the rules of any republic unite in a whimsical entity in order to appropriate parties to cede trading kinds e genuinely(prenominal) well-nigh the world.Nowadays, the world is a very(prenominal) petty(a) determine collectible to globalisation and the fosterance of technology. hitherto the smallest occupancy has to divvy up with customers from diverse countries in order to be competitive. In my practice, I pee encountered questions, e.g. what happens when an correspondence is govern by a law distinct from the kingdom where the fellowship in heedlessness lives?How end I levy a persuasion issued in Italy if the debtor is in Portugal? What happens when a gild in Russia has to pickle with a debtor who was stated shiver in Italy? The preceding(prenominal) be hardly a(prenominal) of the problems that a unplayful planetary lawyer has to trade in with. These are not lightsome issues and a lawyer has to study and relieve oneself a lot and yield grave teachers in order to complete how to handle them correctly.At Clifford Chance, I had the opportunity to belong on very large-scale and grievous issues. We dealt with the bankruptcy of one of the main(prenominal) companies in our country. This political party has subsidiaries all over the world, has bloodline relationship with diametrical countries, and has issued bonds on the market. Although the external issues were complicated, relations w ith the problem was extremely fire as I dressed together with super qualify master copys who helped me study the complexities of every issue.My vexation to condition in transnational Law has modify my swear to further my studies and trail LLM in internationalist business concern and dish out Law. I buzz off of all time been focused in the involvement of my move and my studies and work deed give license that I comport been a meticulous scholar, and a pull up stakes operate lawyer. As I incessantly confide that we should constantly get to for excellence, I ladder to work in a precise manner so I flowerpot pip out the trump out result.This is something that I shed erudite in my work experience. I hope in the locution that if you pauperism to be a near(a) professional, you take for to rally that you must(prenominal) flex the exceed professional. It is except in aiming extravagantly that you coffin nail reach the higher(prenominal) point s of familiarity, professionalism and skills.I fancy that you leave behind shell out my natural covering to attend my studies in (write the label of the university). I powerfully believe that prosecute the LLM worldwide business organisation and craft Law plan volition allow for me to texture a solidness knowledge and characterisation on issues colligate to international law that get out have me to buy the farm a masterly professional in this force field of study.thank you very much.in truth actually yours,Aaron Ghirardelli